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KCa2.3

Family: Calcium-activated potassium channels

Contents:
Gene and Protein Information
Previous and Unofficial Names
Database Links
Associated Proteins
Ion Selectivity and Conductance
Voltage Dependence
Activators
Gating Inhibitors
Pore Blockers
Tissue Distribution
Functional Assays
Physiological Functions
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
Gene Expression and Pathophysiology
Biologically Significant Variants
References
Gene and Protein Information
Species TM P Loops AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 6 1 731 1q21.3 KCNN3 potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 8,15
Mouse 6 1 732 3 F2 Kcnn3 potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 4,34
Rat 6 1 732 2q34 Kcnn3 potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 2,24
Previous and Unofficial Names
SK3
SKCa3
KCa2.3
hSK3
SKCa 3
potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3
small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3
small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel 3
small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3
Database Links
ChEMBL Target 12500 (Hs), 10991 (Rn)
Ensembl ENSG00000143603 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000000794 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000020706 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 3782 (Hs), 140493 (Mm), 54263 (Rn)
GeneCards KCNN3 (Hs)
GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project Kcnn3 (Mm)
HomoloGene 20516 (Hs)
Human Protein Reference Database 04283 (Hs)
InterPro Q9UGI6 (Hs), P58391 (Mm), P70605 (Rn)
KEGG Gene hsa:3782 (Hs), mmu:140493 (Mm), rno:54263 (Rn)
OMIM 602983 (Hs)
PharmGKB Gene PA30072 (Hs)
PhosphoSitePlus Q9UGI6 (Hs), P58391 (Mm)
Protein Ontology (PRO) PRO:000000714 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_170782 (Hs), NM_002249 (Hs), NM_080466 (Mm), NM_019315 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_740752 (Hs), NP_002240 (Hs), NP_536714 (Mm), NP_062188 (Rn)
TreeFam ENSG00000143603 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000000794 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000020706 (Rn)
UniGene Hs. 490765 (Hs)
UniProt Q9UGI6 (Hs), P58391 (Mm), P70605 (Rn)
Wikipedia KCa2.3
Potassium channels
Search for 3D structures on the PDB
Search by keyword: Calcium-activated potassium channels KCa2.3 Search by accession number: Q9UGI6, P58391, P70605
Associated Proteins
Heteromeric Pore-forming Subunits
Name References
Not determined
Auxiliary Subunits
Name References
Not determined
Other Associated Proteins
Name References
calmodulin 37,50
Ion Selectivity and Conductance
Species:  Human
Rank order:  K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
References:  47
Voltage Dependence Comments
KCa2.3 is voltage independent.
Activators
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Affinity Units Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
EBIO Rn - - 5x10-5 -80.0 16
riluzole Rn - - 3x10-6 - 1x10-5 -100.0 – 100.0 16
NS309 Hs - - 3x10-8 -90.0 40
Ca2+ Hs 6.0 – 6.5 (median: 6.4) pEC50 - -160.0 – 80.0 20,47,50
Ca2+ Rn 6.2 pEC50 - -100.0 2
CyPPA Hs 5.3 pEC50 - 0.0 20
DC-EBIO Hs 4.9 pEC50 - - 49
EBIO Hs 3.8 pEC50 - -160.0 – -120.0 47
View species-specific activator tables
Activator Comments
NS309, riluzole, DC-EBIO and EBIO increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of KCa2 channels.

A detailed review of KCa2 channel pharmacology can be found in [49].
Gating inhibitors
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Affinity Units Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
NS11757 Rn 8.05 pKd - - 41
NS8593 Hs 6.1 pIC50 - 0.0 39
View species-specific gating inhibitor tables
Gating Inhibitor Comments
NS5893 is an inhibitory gating modulator that decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of KCa2 channels [39].
Pore Blockers
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Affinity Units Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
Lei-Dab7 Hs 5.6 - - -120.0 – 40.0 36
apamin Rn 8.9 – 9.2 pIC50 - -80.0 – 0.0 2,19
leiurotoxin I Hs 8.7 – 9.0 pIC50 - -160.0 – 40.0 36,47
tamapin Rn 8.8 pIC50 - -100.0 – 40.0 33
UCL1848 Rn 8.7 pIC50 - -80.0 19
apamin Hs 7.9 – 9.1 pIC50 - -160.0 – -100.0 44,47
UCL1684 Rn 8.2 pIC50 - -80.0 19
leiurotoxin I Rn 8.1 pIC50 - -80.0 19
UCL1684 Hs 8.0 pIC50 - -80.0 11
P05 Hs 7.6 pIC50 - -120.0 – 40.0 36
dequalinium chloride Hs 4.5 pIC50 - -100.0 44
(+)-tubocurarine Hs 3.7 – 4.5 pIC50 - -160.0 – -100.0 44,47
View species-specific pore blocker tables
Tissue Distribution
Omentum, rectum, myometrium, small intestine, skeletal muscle, endometrium, urinary bladder, hypothalamus, thyroid, uterus, crevix, tonsil, thymus, lung, adenoid, kidney, oesophagus, herat, colon, ovary, trachea, adrenal gland, spleen, testis, salivary gland, mammary gland and stomach, clitoris and corpus cavernosum.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.
References:  9
Neutrophils.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  12
Granulocyte-defferentialted PLB-985 cells
Species:  Human
Technique:  Electrophysiology and RT-PCR.
References:  12
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, RT-PCR.
References:  48
Urinary bladder smooth muscle
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology.
References:  17
Denervated skeletal muscle.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Electrophysiology and Western blot.
References:  21
Cultured microglia.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Western blot and RT-PCR.
References:  22
Pancreatic islets and insulinomas (mouse and rat).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  RT-PCR, electrophysiology , immunohistochemistry.
References:  42
Liver
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  2
Astrocytes (mouse and rat)
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  1
Brain (olfactory system, neocortex, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, thalamus, habenula, hypothalamus, brain stem, cerebellum, substantianigra, ependyma).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  In situ hybridisation
References:  38
Brain (lateral septum, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, supraoptic nucleus, many nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  In situ hybridisation
References:  24
Vascular endothelium (mouse and rat).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, electrophysiology, pharmacology.
References:  10,43
Functional Assays
Two-electrode voltage-clamp.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Xenopus oocytes injected with KCa2.3 mRNA.
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current.
References:  24,50
Patch-clamp recordings of mammalian cells transiently or stably transfected with KCa2.3.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK-293 and CHO cells.
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current.
References:  11,20,36,39-40,44,47,49
Patch-clamp recording of mammalian cells transiently or stably transfected with KCa2.3.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  HEK-293 and COS-7 cells.
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current.
References:  2,16,19,33,39
Patch-clamp recording.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Cultured superior cervical ganglion neurons.
Response measured:  mAHP current and neuronal firing frequency.
References:  19
Patch-clamp recordings from dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Midbrain slices containing the substantia nigra pars compacta.
Response measured:  mAHP current and neuronal firing frequency.
References:  48
Patch-clamp recordings
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Bladder myocytes or flexor digitorium brevis muscle fibres (innervated of denervated skeletal muscle).
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current, muscle action potentials.
References:  17,21
Physiological Functions
KCa2.3 underlies the medium AHP current in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and regulates their firing frequency. KCa2.3 could potentially contribute to the medium AHP in other neurons.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.
References:  37,46,48
KCa2.3, together with KCa3.1, underlies the endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) response. EDHF-mediated vasodilation can be measured in various arterial preparations from rats and mice. Doxicyclin induced suppression of KCa2.3 expression in transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 leads to elevation in blood pressure.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Mesenteric, carotid, cerebral, coronary and renal arteries.
References:  6,10,28,43
KCa2.3 is involved in determining excitability and contractility of urinary bladder smooth muscle. Transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 have greater bladder capacitance.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Bladder smooth muscle
References:  17
KCa2.3 channels are probably important in neurons regulating respiration in response to hypoxia and parturition during labour.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Neurons, uterine smooth muscle.
References:  4
KCa2.3 channels are involved in respiratory burst in rat microglia and human neutrophils.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Microglia, neutrophils.
References:  12,22
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Mouse data from MGI

Click here to show/hide data

Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0005572 abnormal breathing frequency PMID: 10988076 
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0002907 abnormal parturition PMID: 10988076 
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0001957 apnea PMID: 10988076 
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0008028 pregnancy-related premature death PMID: 10988076 
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
Disease:  Depression
Drugs:  Apamin has positive effects in a mouse model of depression.
Side effects:  High doses of apamin induce seizures and lead to Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum.
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 blockers have been proposed for the treatment of depression.
References:  3,14,49
Mutations not determined
Disease:  Hypertension
Role:  Doxicyclin-induced suppression of KCa2.3 expression in transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 and leads to an elevation in blood pressure.
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 activators have been proposed for the treatment of hypertension.
References:  43,49
Mutations not determined
Disease:  Urge incontinence.
Role:  Transgenic mice overexpression KCa2.3 have greater bladder capcitance and NS309 increases bladder capacity and micturition volume in rats.
Drugs:  NS309 (experimentally)
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 activators have been proposed for treatment of urge incontinence.
References:  17,32,49
Mutations not determined
Disease:  Schizophrenia
OMIM:  181500
Orphanet:  3140
Comments:  The truncation has been found in one patient with schizophrenia. Expression of KCa2.3-1/285 causes dominant-negative suppression of KCa2.2 in Jurkat cells.
References:  5,29
Click column headers to sort
Type Species Molecular location Description Reference
Frameshift Human L283 5,29
Disease:  Parkinson's Disease
OMIM:  168600
Orphanet:  2828
Role:  Since KCa2.3 channels regulate the firing frequency of dopaminergic neurons, KCa2.3 blockers have been proposed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Drugs:  Apamin and N-methyl-laudanosine (experimentally)
Side effects:  High doses of apamin induce seizures and lead to Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum.
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 blockers have been proposed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
References:  3,30,46,49
Mutations not determined
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Comments
Longer polyglutamine repeats in KCa2.3 are associated with schizophrenia [7-8], anorexia nervosa [26] and spinocerebellar ataxia [13].
Gene Expression and Pathophysiology
Reduced expression in small mesenteric arteries during angiotensin-II-induced hypertension.
Tissue or cell type:  Rat vascular endothelium.
Pathophysiology:  Reduced KCa2.3 expression could contribute to functional alterations in endothelium in hypertension.
Species:  Rat
Technique: 
References:  18
Decreased expression in regenerated endothelium after balloon catheter injury.
Tissue or cell type:  Vascular endothelium
Pathophysiology:  Reduced KCa expression could contribute to functional alterations in endothelium following restenosis.
Species:  Rat
Technique: 
References:  27
Increased expression in patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy.
Tissue or cell type:  Patient muscle samples.
Pathophysiology:  KCa2.3 is probably involved in hyperexcitability.
Species:  Human
Technique: 
References:  23
Increased expression in skeletal muscle following denervation.
Tissue or cell type:  Flexor digitorum brevis muscle.
Pathophysiology:  KCa2.3 is probably involved in hyperexcitability.
Species:  Mouse
Technique: 
References:  31
Biologically Significant Variants
Isoform b
Nucleotide accession:  NM_170782 
Protein accession:  NP_740752 
Amino acids:  426
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
References: 
Alternative first exon usage produces two splice variant, SK3-1B and SK3-1C, that lack the N-terminus and SA. Both of these proteins can act as dominant-negative suppressors of the entire KCa2 sub-family, trapping channels intracellularly. The SK3-1B transgenic mouse exhibits ataxia due to suppression of KCa2 channels in depp cerebellar neurons. SK3-1B mRNA is present in brain at 20-60% of kKCa2.3 levels. These two variant proteins are suggested to regulate neuronal excitability through dominant-negative suppression of "normal" hKCa2.3.
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
References:  25,35,45
Alternative splicing leads to the inclusion if an additional 15aa in the outer pore region. The channel, known as hSK3-ex4, is a functional channel whose message is expressed at 0-2% of hKCa2.3 levels. The channel is insensitive to apamin, scyllatoxin and tubocurarine.
Amino acids:  746
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
References:  47
Isoform a
Nucleotide accession:  NM_002249 
Protein accession:  NP_002240 
Amino acids:  731
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
References: 

REFERENCES

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1. Armstrong, WE; Rubrum, A; Teruyama, R; Bond, CT; Adelman, JP. (2005) Immunocytochemical localization of small-conductance, calcium-dependent potassium channels in astrocytes of the rat supraoptic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol., 491 (3): 175-85. [PMID:16134141]

2. Barfod, ET; Moore, AL; Lidofsky, SD. (2001) Cloning and functional expression of a liver isoform of the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel SK3. Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol., 280 (4): C836-42. [PMID:11245600]

3. Blank, T; Nijholt, I; Kye, MJ; Spiess, J. (2004) Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels as targets of CNS drug development. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord., 3 (3): 161-7. [PMID:15180477]

4. Bond, CT; Sprengel, R; Bissonnette, JM; Kaufmann, WA; Pribnow, D; Neelands, T; Storck, T; Baetscher, M; Jerecic, J; Maylie, J; Knaus, HG; Seeburg, PH; Adelman, JP. (2000) Respiration and parturition affected by conditional overexpression of the Ca2+-activated K+ channel subunit, SK3. Science, 289 (5486): 1942-6. [PMID:10988076]

5. Bowen, T; Williams, N; Norton, N; Spurlock, G; Wittekindt, OH; Morris-Rosendahl, DJ; Williams, H; Brzustowicz, L; Hoogendoorn, B; Zammit, S; Jones, G; Sanders, RD; Jones, LA; McCarthy, G; Jones, S; Bassett, A; Cardno, AG; Owen, MJ; O'Donovan, MC. (2001) Mutation screening of the KCNN3 gene reveals a rare frameshift mutation. Mol. Psychiatry, 6 (3): 259-60. [PMID:11326292]

6. Burnham, MP; Bychkov, R; Félétou, M; Richards, GR; Vanhoutte, PM; Weston, AH; Edwards, G. (2002) Characterization of an apamin-sensitive small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel in porcine coronary artery endothelium: relevance to EDHF. Br. J. Pharmacol., 135 (5): 1133-43. [PMID:11877319]

7. Cardno, AG; Bowen, T; Guy, CA; Jones, LA; McCarthy, G; Williams, NM; Murphy, KC; Spurlock, G; Gray, M; Sanders, RD; Craddock, N; McGuffin, P; Owen, MJ; O'Donovan, MC. (1999) CAG repeat length in the hKCa3 gene and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 45 (12): 1592-6. [PMID:10376120]

8. Chandy, KG; Fantino, E; Wittekindt, O; Kalman, K; Tong, LL; Ho, TH; Gutman, GA; Crocq, MA; Ganguli, R; Nimgaonkar, V; Morris-Rosendahl, DJ; Gargus, JJ. (1998) Isolation of a novel potassium channel gene hSKCa3 containing a polymorphic CAG repeat: a candidate for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?. Mol. Psychiatry, 3 (1): 32-7. [PMID:9491810]

9. Chen, MX; Gorman, SA; Benson, B; Singh, K; Hieble, JP; Michel, MC; Tate, SN; Trezise, DJ. (2004) Small and intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels confer distinctive patterns of distribution in human tissues and differential cellular localisation in the colon and corpus cavernosum. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 369 (6): 602-15. [PMID:15127180]

10. Eichler, I; Wibawa, J; Grgic, I; Knorr, A; Brakemeier, S; Pries, AR; Hoyer, J; Köhler, R. (2003) Selective blockade of endothelial Ca2+-activated small- and intermediate-conductance K+-channels suppresses EDHF-mediated vasodilation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 138 (4): 594-601. [PMID:12598413]

11. Fanger, CM; Rauer, H; Neben, AL; Miller, MJ; Rauer, H; Wulff, H; Rosa, JC; Ganellin, CR; Chandy, KG; Cahalan, MD. (2001) Calcium-activated potassium channels sustain calcium signaling in T lymphocytes. Selective blockers and manipulated channel expression levels. J. Biol. Chem., 276 (15): 12249-56. [PMID:11278890]

12. Fay, AJ; Qian, X; Jan, YN; Jan, LY. (2006) SK channels mediate NADPH oxidase-independent reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in granulocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103 (46): 17548-53. [PMID:17085590]

13. Figueroa, KP; Chan, P; Schöls, L; Tanner, C; Riess, O; Perlman, SL; Geschwind, DH; Pulst, SM. (2001) Association of moderate polyglutamine tract expansions in the slow calcium-activated potassium channel type 3 with ataxia. Arch. Neurol., 58 (10): 1649-53. [PMID:11594924]

14. Galeotti, N; Ghelardini, C; Caldari, B; Bartolini, A. (1999) Effect of potassium channel modulators in mouse forced swimming test. Br. J. Pharmacol., 126 (7): 1653-9. [PMID:10323599]

15. Ghanshani, S; Wulff, H; Miller, MJ; Rohm, H; Neben, A; Gutman, GA; Cahalan, MD; Chandy, KG. (2000) Up-regulation of the IKCa1 potassium channel during T-cell activation. Molecular mechanism and functional consequences. J. Biol. Chem., 275 (47): 37137-49. [PMID:10961988]

16. Grunnet, M; Jespersen, T; Angelo, K; Frøkjaer-Jensen, C; Klaerke, DA; Olesen, SP; Jensen, BS. (2001) Pharmacological modulation of SK3 channels. Neuropharmacology, 40 (7): 879-87. [PMID:11378158]

17. Herrera, GM; Pozo, MJ; Zvara, P; Petkov, GV; Bond, CT; Adelman, JP; Nelson, MT. (2003) Urinary bladder instability induced by selective suppression of the murine small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK3) channel. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 551 (Pt 3): 893-903. [PMID:12813145]

18. Hilgers, RH; Webb, RC. (2007) Reduced expression of SKCa and IKCa channel proteins in rat small mesenteric arteries during angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 292 (5): H2275-84. [PMID:17209000]

19. Hosseini, R; Benton, DC; Dunn, PM; Jenkinson, DH; Moss, GW. (2001) SK3 is an important component of K(+) channels mediating the afterhyperpolarization in cultured rat SCG neurones. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 535 (Pt 2): 323-34. [PMID:11533126]

20. Hougaard, C; Eriksen, BL; Jørgensen, S; Johansen, TH; Dyhring, T; Madsen, LS; Strøbaek, D; Christophersen, P. (2007) Selective positive modulation of the SK3 and SK2 subtypes of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Br. J. Pharmacol., 151 (5): 655-65. [PMID:17486140]

21. Jacobson, D; Herson, PS; Neelands, TR; Maylie, J; Adelman, JP. (2002) SK channels are necessary but not sufficient for denervation-induced hyperexcitability. Muscle Nerve, 26 (6): 817-22. [PMID:12451607]

22. Khanna, R; Roy, L; Zhu, X; Schlichter, LC. (2001) K+ channels and the microglial respiratory burst. Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol., 280 (4): C796-806. [PMID:11245596]

23. Kimura, T; Takahashi, MP; Okuda, Y; Kaido, M; Fujimura, H; Yanagihara, T; Sakoda, S. (2000) The expression of ion channel mRNAs in skeletal muscles from patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy. Neurosci. Lett., 295 (3): 93-6. [PMID:11090982]

24. Kohler, M; Hirschberg, B; Bond, CT; Kinzie, JM; Marrion, NV; Maylie, J; Adelman, JP. (1996) Small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels from mammalian brain. Science, 273 (5282): 1709-14. [PMID:8781233]

25. Kolski-Andreaco, A; Tomita, H; Shakkottai, VG; Gutman, GA; Cahalan, MD; Gargus, JJ; Chandy, KG. (2004) SK3-1C, a dominant-negative suppressor of SKCa and IKCa channels. J. Biol. Chem., 279 (8): 6893-904. [PMID:14638680]

26. Koronyo-Hamaoui, M; Danziger, Y; Frisch, A; Stein, D; Leor, S; Laufer, N; Carel, C; Fennig, S; Minoumi, M; Apter, A; Goldman, B; Barkai, G; Weizman, A; Gak, E. (2002) Association between anorexia nervosa and the hsKCa3 gene: a family-based and case control study. Mol. Psychiatry, 7 (1): 82-5. [PMID:11803450]

27. Köhler, R; Brakemeier, S; Kühn, M; Behrens, C; Real, R; Degenhardt, C; Orzechowski, HD; Pries, AR; Paul, M; Hoyer, J. (2001) Impaired hyperpolarization in regenerated endothelium after balloon catheter injury. Circ. Res., 89 (2): 174-9. [PMID:11463725]

28. Köhler, R; Hoyer, J. (2007) The endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor: insights from genetic animal models. Kidney Int., 72 (2): 145-50. [PMID:17457372]

29. Miller, MJ; Rauer, H; Tomita, H; Rauer, H; Gargus, JJ; Gutman, GA; Cahalan, MD; Chandy, KG. (2001) Nuclear localization and dominant-negative suppression by a mutant SKCa3 N-terminal channel fragment identified in a patient with schizophrenia. J. Biol. Chem., 276 (30): 27753-6. [PMID:11395478]

30. Mourre, C; Fournier, C; Soumireu-Mourat, B. (1997) Apamin, a blocker of the calcium-activated potassium channel, induces neurodegeneration of Purkinje cells exclusively. Brain Res., 778 (2): 405-8. [PMID:9459560]

31. Neelands, TR; Herson, PS; Jacobson, D; Adelman, JP; Maylie, J. (2001) Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium currents in mouse hyperexcitable denervated skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 536 (Pt 2): 397-407. [PMID:11600675]

32. Pandita, RK; Rønn, LC; Jensen, BS; Andersson, KE. (2006) Urodynamic effects of intravesical administration of the new small/intermediate conductance calcium activated potassium channel activator NS309 in freely moving, conscious rats. J. Urol., 176 (3): 1220-4. [PMID:16890729]

33. Pedarzani, P; D'hoedt, D; Doorty, KB; Wadsworth, JD; Joseph, JS; Jeyaseelan, K; Kini, RM; Gadre, SV; Sapatnekar, SM; Stocker, M; Strong, PN. (2002) Tamapin, a venom peptide from the Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) that targets small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and afterhyperpolarization currents in central neurons. J. Biol. Chem., 277 (48): 46101-9. [PMID:12239213]

34. Ro, S; Hatton, WJ; Koh, SD; Horowitz, B. (2001) Molecular properties of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels expressed in murine colonic smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 281 (4): G964-73. [PMID:11557517]

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To cite this database page, please use the following:

Richard Aldrich, K. George Chandy, Stephan Grissmer, George A. Gutman, Aguan D. Wei, Heike Wulff.
Calcium-activated potassium channels: KCa2.3. Last modified on 31/01/2011. Accessed on 20/05/2013. IUPHAR database (IUPHAR-DB), http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=383.


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