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P2Y12 receptor

Family: P2Y receptors

Contents:
Gene and Protein Information
Previous and Unofficial Names
Database Links
Agonists
Antagonists
Transduction Mechanisms
Tissue Distribution
Expression Datasets
Functional Assays
Physiological Functions
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
Biologically Significant Variants
General Comments
References
Gene and Protein Information
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 342 3q24-q25 P2RY12 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12 4,18
Mouse 7 347 3 D P2ry12 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled 12 27
Rat 7 343 2q31 P2ry12 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12 18,31
Previous and Unofficial Names
P2T
P2YAC
P2TAC
P2Y?
P2YADP
P2Ycyc
SP1999
P2T
P2Y12
HORK3
P2Y purinoceptor 12
P2Y12 platelet ADP receptor
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled 12
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12
2900079B22Rik
4921504D23Rik
Database Links
ChEMBL Target 176 (Hs), 11000 (Rn)
DrugBank Target 122 (Hs)
Ensembl ENSG00000169313 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000036353 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000013902 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 64805 (Hs), 70839 (Mm), 64803 (Rn)
GeneCards P2RY12 (Hs)
GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project P2ry12 (Mm)
HomoloGene 11260 (Hs)
Human Protein Reference Database 02743 (Hs)
InterPro Q9H244 (Hs), Q9CPV9 (Mm), Q9EPX4 (Rn)
KEGG Gene hsa:64805 (Hs), mmu:70839 (Mm), rno:64803 (Rn)
OMIM 600515 (Hs)
Orphanet Gene ORPHA124046 (Hs)
PharmGKB Gene PA134971947 (Hs)
PhosphoSitePlus Q9H244 (Hs), Q9CPV9 (Mm), Q9EPX4 (Rn)
Protein Ontology (PRO) PRO:000001569 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_022788 (Hs), NM_027571 (Mm), NM_022800 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_073625 (Hs), NP_081847 (Mm), NP_073637 (Rn)
TreeFam ENSG00000169313 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000036353 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000013902 (Rn)
UniGene Hs. 532933 (Hs)
UniProt Q9H244 (Hs), Q9CPV9 (Mm), Q9EPX4 (Rn)
Wikipedia P2Y12 receptor
P2Y receptors
Search for 3D structures on the PDB
Search by keyword: P2Y receptors P2Y12 receptor Search by accession number: Q9EPX4, Q9H244, Q9CPV9
Natural/Endogenous Ligand(s)
ADP
ATP
Rank order of potency (Human)
ADP>>ATP
Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Affinity Units Reference
2MeSADP Hs Full agonist 9.2 pKi 17
2MeSATP Hs Full agonist 8.7 pKi 17
ADP Hs Full agonist 5.9 pKi 17
ATPγS Hs Full agonist 5.5 pKi 17
ATP Hs Full agonist 5.2 pKi 17
ADPβS Hs Full agonist 8.6 pIC50 33
[3H]2MeSADP Hs Full agonist 7.5 – 9.6 pIC50 33
Agonist Comments
An in silico screening for endogenous ligands acting on the human P2Y12receptor revealed cysteinylleukotrienes (CysLTs) and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) as potential ligands, in addition to the already known P2Y12 ligands such as 2MeSADP and ADP. In CHO cells stably expressing P2Y12-Gα16 fusion proteins, CysLTE4 and PRPP acted on the P2Y12 receptor as agonists with EC50 values of 1.3 and 7.8 nM, respectively [25]
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Affinity Units Reference
active metabolite of clopidogrel Hs Antagonist 6.9 pKi 17
pCMPS Hs Antagonist 5.9 pKi 17
cangrelor Hs Antagonist 8.0 pIC50 33
ARL66096 Hs Antagonist 7.95 pIC50 19-20
INS50589 Hs Antagonist 7.95 pIC50 9
AZD6140 Hs Antagonist 7.9 pIC50 35
BX 667 Hs Antagonist 7.0 pIC50 28
INS49266 Hs Antagonist 6.28 pIC50 9
2MeSAMP Hs Antagonist 5.4 pIC50 33
R-138727 Hs Antagonist 4.7 – 5.7 pIC50 15
BX 048 Hs Antagonist 0.0 – 6.5 pIC50 28
Antagonist Comments
A recent paper analysed the molecular mechanisms by which 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor (ARC69931MX), two widely used P2Y12 antagonists, inhibit human platelet activation. 2MeSAMP and ARC69931MX interacted with an unidentified platelet G protein-coupled receptor inducing cAMP-mediated inhibition of platelet function. This inhibition is in addition to that derived from antagonism of P2Y16 receptors [32]. PRT060128 is a patented high affinity antagonist [14].

Explore drug-target interactions for this set of compounds using iPHACE

Primary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer Effector/Response
Gi/Go family Adenylate cyclase inhibition
References:  31
Secondary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer Effector/Response
Gi/Go family Adenylate cyclase inhibition
Other - See Comments
Comments:  The intracellular pathways through which P2Y12 amplifies platelet responses include inhibition of cyclic AMP production, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) dephosphorylation, phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI 3-K) and small GTPase Rap1b activation [13],[30]. In some experimental systems, P2Y12/P2Y13 receptors were found to be coupled to [Ca2+]i increases. In particular, in microglial and satellite glial cells from trigeminal ganglia, the ADP-induced [Ca2+]i responses were significantly reduced after pretreatement with Cangrelor, an antagonist selective for P2Y12 and P2Y13, thus suggesting their activation may also contribute to ADP-mediated effects [3],[8].
References: 
Tissue Distribution
Platelets and brain tissues.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  18
vascular smooth muscle cells
Species:  Human
Technique:  real-time PCR
References:  36
spinal cord microglia
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  22
epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts (cholangiocytes)
Species:  Rat
Technique:  RT-PCR, western blot
References:  23
Brain, heart, spleen, lung, liver and macrophages.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  29
Brain (in particular glial cells).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  In situ hybridisation and immunocytochemistry.
References:  29
Expression Datasets

Click here to show/hide data

Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Functional Assays
Measurement of VASP phosphorylation in human platelets endogenously expressing the P2Y12 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Platelets.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP-dependent PKA activity.
References:  2
Measurement of cAMP levels in human platelets endogenously expressing the P2Y12 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Platelets
Response measured:  inhibition of PGE1-induced platelet cAMP accumulation
References:  6
Measurement of Ca2+ current in SCG neurons transfected with the rat P2Y12 receptor and endogenously expressing N-type Ca2+ channels.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  SCG neurons.
Response measured:  Inhibition of ICa(N).
References:  31
Measurement of IP levels in COS-7 cells transfected with the human P2Y12 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  COS-7 cells.
Response measured:  IP accumulation.
References:  4
Measurement of cAMP levels in 1321N1 cells transfected with the rat P2Y12 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  1321N1 cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation (PTX-sensitive).
References:  31
Measurement of K+ current using patch-clamping of SCG cells transfected with the P2Y12 receptor and GIRK1 and GIRK2 channels.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  SCG neurons.
Response measured:  Near-stable activation of GIRK.
References:  31
Measurement of cAMP levels in CHO cells transfected with the human P2Y12 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  18
Physiological Functions
Role in sustaining platelet aggregation and in promoting thrombus growth and stabilization. Role in dense and alpha granule secretion, P-selectin expression and microparticle formation.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Platelets
References:  13,21
Role in the vessel wall response to arterial injury and thrombosis
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Platelets
References:  10
Role in microglial chemotaxis
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  hippocampal tissue slices
References:  16,26
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
P2Y12 receptor knockout mice show impaired platelet activation/adhesion in in vivo mesenteric arteries when compared to the wild-type.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  1
Microglia in P2Y12 knock-out mice show significantly diminished directional branch extension toward sites of cortical damage in the living mouse.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells
References:  16
In spinal microglia, after partial sciatic nerve transection, antisense knockdown of P2Y12 expression suppressed the development of pain behaviors.
Species:  Rat
Tissue: 
Technique:  Antisense oligonucleotide
References:  22
mice lacking P2Y12 displayed impaired tactile allodynia after nerve injury
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells
References:  34
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Mouse data from MGI

Click here to show/hide data

Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
P2ry12tm1Pcon P2ry12tm1Pcon/P2ry12tm1Pcon
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:1918089  MP:0002551 abnormal blood coagulation PMID: 12897207 
P2ry12tm1Pcon P2ry12tm1Pcon/P2ry12tm1Pcon
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:1918089  MP:0005464 abnormal platelet physiology PMID: 12897207 
P2ry12tm1Pcon P2ry12tm1Pcon/P2ry12tm1Pcon
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:1918089  MP:0009549 decreased platelet aggregation PMID: 12897207 
P2ry12tm1Cjf P2ry12tm1Cjf/P2ry12tm1Cjf
involves: 129/Sv		 MGI:1918089  MP:0009549 decreased platelet aggregation PMID: 11413167 
P2ry12tm1Pcon P2ry12tm1Pcon/P2ry12tm1Pcon
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:1918089  MP:0005606 increased bleeding time PMID: 12897207 
P2ry12tm1Cjf P2ry12tm1Cjf/P2ry12tm1Cjf
involves: 129/Sv		 MGI:1918089  MP:0005606 increased bleeding time PMID: 11413167 
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
Disease:  Platelet-type bleeding disorder
OMIM:  609821
Orphanet:  36355
Comments:  In a patient with congenital bleeding, heterozygosity for 2 mutations in the P2Y12 gene was found. Analysis of the patient's P2Y12 gene revealed a G-to-A transition in one allele, changing the codon for Arg-256 in the sixth transmembrane domain to Gln, and a C-to-T transition in the other allele, changing the codon for Arg-265 in the third extracellular loop to Trp. These patients generally have normal shape change responses to ADP but have impaired abilities to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity.
References:  5-6
Click column headers to sort
Type Species Molecular location Description Reference
single nucleotide polymorphism Human R256Q 5-6
single nucleotide polymorphism Human R265W 5-6
Biologically Significant Variants
A group of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P2Y12 gene, forming the so called P2Y12 H2 haplotype, has been associated with increased platelet responsiveness to ADP, increased risk of pheripheral arterial disease and with coronary artery disease.
Type:  Naturally occuring mutations
Species:  Human
References:  7,11-12,37
General Comments
Clopidogrel has a well-established role as an antithrombotic agent in the settings of percutaneous coronary intervention and acute coronary syndromes. However, it has a relatively slow onset of action and a significant number of patients show variable degrees of responsiveness or "resistance" to it. Novel P2Y12 antagonists, including Cangrelor, Prasugrel and AZD6140, all currently in phase 3 trials, have a faster onset of action, as well as more potent and less variable inhibition of platelet function ex vivo [24]. PRT060128, an investigational, direct-acting, reversible P2Y12 antagonist with a novel structure (not disclosed) has completed phase 1 clinical studies [24].

REFERENCES

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1. Andre, P., Delaney, S. M., LaRocca, T., Vincent, D., DeGuzman, F., Jurek, M., Koller, B., Phillips, D. R. and Conley, P. B. (2003) P2Y12 regulates platelet adhesion/activation, thrombus growth, and thrombus stability in injured arteries. J Clin Invest, 112: 398-406. [PMID:12897207]

2. Barragan, P., Bouvier, J. L., Roquebert, P. O., Macaluso, G., Commeau, P., Comet, B., Lafont, A., Camoin, L., Walter, U. and Eigenthaler, M. (2003) Resistance to thienopyridines: clinical detection of coronary stent thrombosis by monitoring of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 59: 295-302. [PMID:12822144]

3. Bianco, F., Fumagalli, M., Pravettoni, E., D'Ambrosi, N., Volonté, C., Matteoli, M., Abbracchio, M. P. and Verderio, C. (2005) Pathophysiological roles of extracellular nucleotides in glial cells: differential expression of purinergic receptors in resting and activated microglia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 48: 144-156. [PMID:15850653]

4. Bodor, E. T., Waldo, G. L., Hooks, S. B., Corbitt, J., Boyer, J. L. and Harden, T. K. (2003) Purification and functional reconstitution of the human P2Y12 receptor. Mol Pharmacol, 64: 1210-1216. [PMID:14573771]

5. Cattaneo, M., Lecchi, A., Randi, A.M., McGregor, J.L. and , . (1992) Identification of a new congenital defect of platelet function characterized by severe impairment of platelet responses to adenosine diphosphate. Blood, 80: 2787-2796. [PMID:1333302]

6. Cattaneo, M., Zighetti, M.L., Lombardi, R., Martinez, C., Lecchi, A., Conley, P.B., Ware, J. and Ruggeri, Z.M. (2003) Molecular bases of defective signal transduction in the platelet P2Y12 receptor of a patient with congenital bleeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100: 1978-1983. [PMID:12578987]

7. Cavallari, U., Trabetti, E., Malerba, G., Biscuola, M., Girelli, D., Olivieri, O., Martinelli, N., Angiolillo, D.J., Corrocher, R. and Pignatti, P.F. (2007) Gene sequence variations of the platelet P2Y12 receptor are associated with coronary artery disease. BMC Med Genet, 8: 59-59. [PMID:17803810]

8. Ceruti, S., Fumagalli, M., Villa, G., Verderio, C. and Abbracchio, M. P. (2008) Purinoceptor-mediated calcium signaling in primary neuron-glia trigeminal cultures. Cell Calcium., 43: 576-590. [PMID:18031810]

9. Douglass, J.G., Patel, R.I., Yerxa, B.R., Shaver, S.R., Watson, P.S., Bednarski, K., Plourde, R., Redick, C.C., Brubaker, K., Jones, A.C. and Boyer, J.L. (2008) Lipophilic modifications to dinucleoside polyphosphates and nucleotides that confer antagonist properties at the platelet P2Y12 receptor. J Med Chem, 51: 1007-1025. [PMID:18232657]

10. Evans, D.J., Jackman, L.E., Chamberlain, J., Crosdale, D.J., Judge, H.M., Jetha, K., Norman, K.E., Francis, S.E. and Storey, R.F. (2009) Platelet P2Y(12) receptor influences the vessel wall response to arterial injury and thrombosis. Circulation, 119: 116-122. [PMID:19103996]

11. Fontana, P., Dupont, A., Gandrille, S., Bachelot-Loza, C., Reny, J.L., Aiach, M. and Gaussem, P. (2003) Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation is associated with P2Y12 gene sequence variations in healthy subjects. Circulation, 108: 989-995. [PMID:12912815]

12. Fontana, P., Gaussem, P., Aiach, M., Fiessinger, J.N., Emmerich, J. and Reny, J.L. (2003) P2Y12 H2 haplotype is associated with peripheral arterial disease: a case-control study. Circulation, 108: 2971-2973. [PMID:14662702]

13. Gachet, C. (2008) P2 receptors, platelet function and pharmacological implications. Thromb Haemost, 99: 466-472. [PMID:18327393]

14. Gretler, D.D., Conley, P.B., Andre, P., Jurek, M., Pandey, A., Ronanko, K., Leese, P.T., Hutchaleelaha, A. and Phillips, D.R. (2007) ?First in human? experience with PRT060128, a new direct-acting, reversible, P2Y12 inhibitor for IV and oral use. J Am Coll Cardiol, : -.

15. Hasegawa, M., Sugidachi, A., Ogawa, T., Isobe, T., Jakubowski, J.A. and Asai, F. (2005) Stereoselective inhibition of human platelet aggregation by R-138727, the active metabolite of CS-747 (prasugrel, LY640315), a novel P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. , 94: 593-598. [PMID:16268477]

16. Haynes, S.E., Hollopeter, G., Yang, G., Kurpius, D., Dailey, M.E., Gan, W.E. and Julius, D. (2006) The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular nucleotides. Nature Neuroscience, 19: 1512-1519. [PMID:17115040]

17. Herbert, J. M. and Savi, P. (2003) P2Y12, a new platelet ADP receptor, target of clopidogrel. Semin Vasc Med, 3: 113-122. [PMID:15199474]

18. Hollopeter, G., Jantzen, H. M., Vincent, D., Li, G., England, L., Ramakrishnan, V., Yang, R. B., Nurden, P., Nurden, A., Julius, D. and Conley, P. B. (2001) Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature, 409: 202-207. [PMID:11196645]

19. Humphries, RG; Tomlinson, W; Clegg, JA; Ingall, AH; Kindon, ND; Leff, P. (1995) Pharmacological profile of the novel P2T-purinoceptor antagonist, FPL 67085 in vitro and in the anaesthetized rat in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol., 115 (6): 1110-6. [PMID:7582510]

20. Humphries, RG; Tomlinson, W; Ingall, AH; Cage, PA; Leff, P. (1994) FPL 66096: a novel, highly potent and selective antagonist at human platelet P2T-purinoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol., 113 (3): 1057-63. [PMID:7858849]

21. Kahner, B.N., Dorsam, R.T. and Kunapuli, S.P. (2008) Role of P2Y receptor subtypes in platelet-derived microparticle generation. Front Biosci, 1: 433-439. [PMID:17981558]

22. Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, H., Fukuoka, T., Dai, Y., Obata, K. and Noguchi, K. (2008) P2Y12 receptor upregulation in activated microglia is a gateway of p38 signaling and neuropathic pain. J Neurosi, 28: 2892-2902. [PMID:18337420]

23. Masyuk, AI., Gradilone, S.A., Banales, J.M., Huang, B.Q., Masyuk, T.V., Lee, S.O., Splinter, P.L., Stroope, A.J. and Larusso, N.F. (2008) Cholangiocyte primary cilia are chemosensory organelles that detect biliary nucleotides via P2Y12 purinergic receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 295: 725-734. [PMID:18687752]

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26. Ohsawa, K., Irino, Y., Nakamura, Y., Akazawa, C., Inoue, K. and Kohsaka, S. (2007) Involvement of P2X4 and P2Y12 receptors in ATP-induced microglial chemotaxis. Glia, 55: 604-616. [PMID:17299767]

27. Pausch, M.H., Lai, M., Tseng, E., Paulsen, J., Bates, B. and Kwak, S. (2004) Functional expression of human and mouse P2Y12 receptors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 324: 171-177. [PMID:15464998]

28. Post, J.M., Alexander, S., Wang, Y.X., Vincelette, J., Vergona, R., Kent, L., Bryant, J., Sullivan, M.E., Dole, W.P., Morser, J. and Subramanyam, B. (2008) Novel P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists for inhibition of platelet aggregation (II): pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characterization. Thromb Res, 122: 533-540. [PMID:18539312]

29. Sasaki, Y., Hoshi, M., Akazawa, C., Nakamura, Y., Tsuzuki, H., Inoue, K. and Kohsaka, S. (2003) Selective expression of Gi/o-coupled ATP receptor P2Y12 in microglia in rat brain. Glia, 44: 242-250. [PMID:14603465]

30. Schoenwaelder, S.M., Ono, A., Sturgeon, S., Chan, S.M., Mangin, P., Maxwell, M.J., Turnbull, S., Mulchandani, M., Anderson, K., Kauffenstein, G., Rewcastle, G.W., Kendall, J., Gachet, C., Salem, H.H. and Jackson, S.P. (2007) Identification of unique co-operative phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling mechanism regulating integrin alpha IIb beta 3 adhesive function in platelets. J Biol Chem, 282: 28648-28658. [PMID:17673465]

31. Simon, J., Filippov, A. K., Goransson, S., Wong, Y. H., Frelin, C., Michel, A. D., Brown, D. A. and Barnard, E. A. (2002) Characterization and channel coupling of the P2Y(12) nucleotide receptor of brain capillary endothelial cells. J Biol Chem, 277: 31390-31400. [PMID:12080041]

32. Srinivasan, S., Mir, F., Huang, J.S., Khasawneh, F., Lam, S.C. and Le Breton, G.C. (2009) The P2Y12 antagonists, 2MeSAMP and cangrelor (ARC69931MX) can inhibit human platelet aggregation through a Gi-independent increase in cAMP levels. J Biol Chem, : -. [PMID:19346255]

33. Takasaki, J., Kamohara, M., Saito, T., Matsumoto, M., Matsumoto, S., Ohishi, T., Soga, T., Matsushime, H. and Furuichi, K. (2001) Molecular cloning of the platelet P2T(AC) ADP receptor: pharmacological comparison with another ADP receptor, the P2Y(1) receptor. Mol Pharmacol, 60: 432-439. [PMID:11502873]

34. Tozaki-Saitoh, H., Tsuda, M., , , Ueda, K., , and and Inoue, K. (2008) P2Y12 receptors in spinal microglia are required for neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosi, 28: 4949-4956. [PMID:18463248]

35. van Giezen, J.J.J. and Humphries, R.G. (2005) Preclinical and Clinical Studies with Selective Reversible Direct P2Y12 Antagonists. Semin Thromb Hemost, 31: 195-204. [PMID:15852223]

36. Wihlborg, A. K., Wang, L., Braun, O. O., Eyjolfsson, A., Gustafsson, R., Gudbjartsson, T. and Erlinge, D. (2004) ADP receptor P2Y12 is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and stimulates contraction in human blood vessels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24: 1810-1815. [PMID:15308557]

37. Ziegler, S., Schillinger, M., Funk, M., Felber, K., Exner, M., Mlekusch, W., Sabeti, S., Amighi, J., Minar, E., Brunner, M., Müller, M. and Mannhalter, C. (2005) Association of a functional polymorphism in the clopidogrel target receptor gene, P2Y12, and the risk for ischemic cerebrovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease. Stroke, 36: 1394-1399. [PMID:15933261]

To cite this database page, please use the following:

Maria-Pia Abbracchio, Jean-Marie Boeynaems, José L. Boyer, Geoffrey Burnstock, Stefania Ceruti, Marta Fumagalli, Christian Gachet, Rebecca Hills, Robert G. Humphries, Kenneth A. Jacobson, Charles Kennedy, Brian F. King, Davide Lecca, Maria Teresa Miras-Portugal, Gary A. Weisman.
P2Y receptors: P2Y12 receptor. Last modified on 12/03/2013. Accessed on 22/05/2013. IUPHAR database (IUPHAR-DB), http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=328.


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