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A3 receptor

Family: Adenosine receptors

Contents:
Gene and Protein Information
Previous and Unofficial Names
Database Links
Agonists
Antagonists
Transduction Mechanisms
Tissue Distribution
Expression Datasets
Functional Assays
Physiological Functions
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models
General Comments
References
Gene and Protein Information
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 318 1p13.2 ADORA3 adenosine A3 receptor 1,59,68,71
Mouse 7 319 3 F2.3 Adora3 adenosine A3 receptor 94
Rat 7 320 2q34 Adora3 adenosine A3 receptor 98
Previous and Unofficial Names
Adenosine receptor A3
TGPCR1
adenosine A3 receptor
ARA3
A3AR
A3R
AA3R
Database Links
ChEMBL Target 280 (Hs), 12171 (Rn)
DrugBank Target 390 (Hs)
Ensembl ENSG00000121933 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000074344 (Mm), ENSMUSG00000000562 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000015788 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 140 (Hs), 11542 (Mm), 25370 (Rn)
GeneCards ADORA3 (Hs)
GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project Adora3 (Mm)
HomoloGene 550 (Hs)
Human Protein Reference Database 08984 (Hs)
InterPro P33765 (Hs), Q61618 (Mm), P28647 (Rn)
KEGG Gene hsa:140 (Hs), mmu:11542 (Mm), rno:25370 (Rn)
OMIM 600445 (Hs)
PharmGKB Gene PA24589 (Hs)
PhosphoSitePlus P33765 (Hs), Q61618 (Mm), P28647 (Rn)
Protein Ontology (PRO) PRO:000001578 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_000677 (Hs), NM_009631 (Mm), NM_012896 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_000668 (Hs), NP_033761 (Mm), NP_037028 (Rn)
TreeFam ENSG00000121933 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000074344 (Mm), ENSMUSG00000000562 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000015788 (Rn)
UniGene Hs. 281342 (Hs)
UniProt P33765 (Hs), Q61618 (Mm), P28647 (Rn)
Wikipedia A3 receptor
Adenosine receptors
Search for 3D structures on the PDB
Search by keyword: Adenosine receptors A3 receptor Search by accession number: P28647, P33765, Q61618
Natural/Endogenous Ligand(s)
adenosine
Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Affinity Units Reference
[125I]AB-MECA Hs Full agonist 9.0 – 9.1 pKd 64,85
[3H]HEMADO Hs Full agonist 9.0 pKd 47
[125I]AB-MECA Rn Full agonist 8.9 pKd 63
[3H]NECA Hs Full agonist 7.9 – 8.2 pKd 23,46
[125I]APNEA Hs Full agonist 7.8 pKd 98
Cl-IB-MECA Mm Agonist 9.74 pKi 51
MRS3558 Hs Agonist 9.54 pKi 39
Cl-IB-MECA Rn Agonist 9.48 pKi 51
(R,S)-PHPNECA Hs Full agonist 9.4 pKi 87
2-phenylethylyl-adenosine derivative Hs Agonist 9.36 pKi 88
MRS3558 Rn Agonist 9.0 pKi 51
HEMADO Hs Agonist 8.96 pKi 47,87
IB-MECA Hs Full agonist 8.7 – 9.2 pKi 23,39,46,85
MRS3558 Mm Agonist 8.83 pKi 51
MRS5151 Hs Agonist 8.62 pKi 57
2-hexynyl-NECA Hs Full agonist 8.6 pKi 87
Cl-IB-MECA Hs Full agonist 8.0 – 8.9 pKi 9,37,39
CP608,039 Hs Agonist 8.24 pKi 79
PENECA Hs Full agonist 8.2 pKi 87
I-ABA Hs Full agonist 8.0 pKi 71
MRE 3008F20 Hs Full agonist 8.0 pKi 85
NECA Hs Full agonist 7.5 – 8.4 pKi 8,29,37,71,85,91
AB-MECA Hs Full agonist 7.7 pKi 46,85
MRS5151 Mm Agonist 7.61 pKi 57
(R)-PIA Hs Full agonist 7.1 – 8.1 pKi 29,37,46,71,85
CCPA Hs Full agonist 7.4 pKi 39,46
apadenoson Hs Agonist 7.35 pKi 39
cyclopentyladenosine Hs Full agonist 7.0 – 7.4 pKi 29,39,46,71
(S)-PIA Hs Full agonist 6.3 – 7.4 pKi 46,71,85
MPC-MECA Hs Full agonist 6.8 pKi 85
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine Rn Agonist 6.75 pKi 80
NECA Rn Full agonist 6.6 – 6.9 pKi 55,63
(R)-PIA Rn Full agonist 6.6 – 6.8 pKi 14,63
CCPA Rn Agonist 6.63 pKi 51
CGS 21680 Hs Full agonist 6.0 – 7.2 pKi 8,29,39,46,85
adenosine Hs Agonist 6.54 pKi 26-27,91
CGS 21680 Rn Agonist 6.23 pKi 51
TCPA Hs Agonist 6.22 pKi 6
binodenoson Hs Agonist 6.04 pKi 39
GS9667 Hs Agonist 6.0 pKi 20
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine Hs Agonist 5.99 pKi 69
2-chloroadenosine Rn Agonist 5.72 pKi 80
2'-Me-CCPA Rn Agonist 5.3 pKi 25
adenosine Rn Agonist 5.19 pKi 91
Bay60-6583 Hs Agonist 5.0 pKi 48
regadenoson Hs Agonist 5.0 pKi 39
View species-specific agonist tables
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Affinity Units Reference
[3H]MRE 3008F20 Hs Antagonist 9.1 pKd 4,85
PSB-11 Hs Antagonist 8.31 pKd 60
[3H]PSB-11 Hs Antagonist 8.3 pKd 60
KF26777 Hs Antagonist 9.7 pKi 70
PSB-10 Hs Antagonist 9.36 pKi 62
MRE 3010F20 Hs Antagonist 9.3 pKi 85
MRE 3008F20 Hs Antagonist 9.0 – 9.5 pKi 39,84-85
MRS1220 Hs Antagonist 8.2 – 9.2 pKi 37,44,76,92
PSB-11 Hs Antagonist 8.63 pKi 65
MRS1177 Hs Antagonist 8.5 pKi 44
VUF5574 Hs Antagonist 8.39 pKi 82
MRS1186 Hs Antagonist 8.1 pKi 44
MRS1505 Hs Antagonist 8.1 pKi 50
VUF8504 Hs Antagonist 7.8 pKi 81
I-ABOPX Hs Antagonist 7.7 pKi 71
MRS1476 Hs Antagonist 7.7 pKi 50
MRS1523 Hs Antagonist 7.7 pKi 39,50
XAC Rn Antagonist 7.7 pKi 63
MRS1191 Hs Antagonist 7.5 pKi 37,40,51
MRS1486 Hs Antagonist 7.5 pKi 50
CGS 15943 Hs Antagonist 7.0 – 7.9 pKi 44,46,54,64,85
BW-A1433 Rn Antagonist 7.4 pKi 63
BW-A1433 Hs Antagonist 7.3 pKi 71
XAC Hs Antagonist 7.0 – 7.4 pKi 46,71,85
MRS1097 Hs Antagonist 7.0 pKi 37,83
MRS1523 Rn Antagonist 6.95 pKi 51
SLV320 Hs Antagonist 6.7 pKi 41
VUF8507 Hs Antagonist 6.7 pKi 81
MRS1042 Hs Antagonist 6.5 pKi 42
MRS1041 Hs Antagonist 6.4 pKi 42
MRS1754 Hs Antagonist 6.24 pKi 45
LUF5981 Hs Antagonist 6.2 pKi 11
MRS1067 Hs Antagonist 6.2 pKi 37,42
MRS1523 Mm Antagonist 6.14 pKi 51
ZM-241385 Hs Antagonist 6.13 pKi 39
MRS1088 Hs Antagonist 6.1 pKi 42
MRS1093 Hs Antagonist 6.1 pKi 42
DPCPX Hs Antagonist 5.4 – 6.61 pKi 2,34,46,71,85,89
ATL802 Hs Antagonist 6.0 pKi 45
BIIB014 Hs Antagonist 6.0 pKi 31
MRE 2029F20 Hs Antagonist 6.0 pKi 5
preladenant Hs Antagonist 6.0 pKi 61
ST-1535 Hs Antagonist 6.0 pKi 58
DPCPX Rn Antagonist 4.37 – 7.6 pKi 2,63,89
LAS38096 Hs Antagonist 5.98 pKi 18,86
CVT-6883 Hs Antagonist 5.97 pKi 19
SCH 58261 Hs Antagonist 5.92 pKi 39
MRS928 Hs Antagonist 5.9 pKi 42
MRS1191 Rn Antagonist 5.8 pKi 50-51
(R)-niguldipine Hs Antagonist 5.7 pKi 83
PSB36 Hs Antagonist 5.64 pKi 89
galangin Hs Antagonist 5.5 pKi 42
nicardipine Hs Antagonist 5.5 pKi 83
sakuranetin Hs Antagonist 5.5 pKi 42
rolofylline Hs Antagonist 5.36 pKi 43
istradefylline Hs Antagonist 5.35 pKi 28
PSB36 Rn Antagonist 5.19 pKi 89
ATL802 Mm Antagonist 5.0 pKi 45
CSC Rn Antagonist 5.0 pKi 80
FK-453 Hs Antagonist 5.0 pKi 39
MSX-2 Hs Antagonist 5.0 pKi 73
PSB1115 Hs Antagonist 5.0 pKi 34
PSB603 Hs Antagonist 5.0 pKi 7
SCH4421416 Hs Antagonist 5.0 pKi 39
tonapofylline Hs Antagonist 5.0 pKi 43
caffeine Hs Antagonist 4.88 pKi 36
flavone Hs Antagonist 4.8 pKi 42
theophylline Hs Antagonist 4.06 – 4.65 pKi 36,46
flavanone Hs Antagonist 4.3 pKi 42
visnagin Hs Antagonist 4.2 pKi 42
theophylline Rn Antagonist 4.0 – 4.07 pKi 38,80
caffeine Rn Antagonist 4.0 pKi 7
View species-specific antagonist tables
Antagonist Comments
Istradefylline pKi values at human receptor subtypes A1, A2B and A3 are derived from unpublished data (Müller et al).

Explore drug-target interactions for this set of compounds using iPHACE

Primary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer Effector/Response
Gi/Go family Adenylate cyclase inhibition
References:  66,98
Secondary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer Effector/Response
Gi/Go family Phospholipase C stimulation
References:  52,97
Tissue Distribution
Liver, lung, placenta.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  59
CNS: corpus callosum, substantia nigra, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, spinal cord, hippocampus.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  1
Adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla > spleen, small intestine.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  1
Jejunum, ileum, colon.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR.
References:  12
Lung, liver, kidney, heart.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  68
Liver, lung > brain, aorta.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern blotting.
References:  71
Lung mast cells.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  RT-PCR.
References:  97
Testes: spermatocytes, round spermatids, elongating spermatids > Leydig cells.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  in situ hybridisation.
References:  67
Brain: hippocampus.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Western blotting.
References:  53
Expression Datasets

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Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Functional Assays
Measurement of IP3 levels in HEK 293 cells transfected with the human A3 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293 cells.
Response measured:  PTX-sensitive increase in IP3 level.
References:  52
Measurement of cAMP levels in CHO cells transfected with the human A3 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  71
Measurement of cAMP levels in COS cells transfected with the rat A3 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  COS cells.
Response measured:  PTX-sensitive inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  98
Measurement of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in CHO cells transfected with the human A1 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
References:  33,74
Measurement of cAMP levels and p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation in a murine dendritic cell line, XS-106, which endogenously expresses A3 receptors.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  XS-106 cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP and stimulation of p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation.
References:  16
Measurement of PKB activity in cardiomyocytes endogenously expressing the A3 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Cardiomyocytes.
Response measured:  PKB phosphorylation via Gi/o.
References:  30
Cell number count of CHO cells transfected with the human A3 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Reduction of cell number.
References:  9
Measurement of eosinophil peroxidase and superoxide anion release from human eosinophils endogenously expressing the human A3 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Eosinophils.
Response measured:  Release of of eosinophil peroxidase and superoxide anion .
References:  21
Physiological Functions
Mast cell activation.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Lung mast cells.
References:  97
Inhibition of noradrenaline release from peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Mesenteric artery.
References:  17
Preconditioning.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Heart.
References:  15
Coronary vasodilation.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Heart.
References:  35
Protection from reperfusion/reoxygenation injury.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Heart.
References:  56
Localised inflammatory response in peripheral tissues.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  In vivo (hind paw).
References:  90
Regulation of intraocular pressure.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  In vivo (eye).
References:  3
Preconditioning.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Heart.
References:  93
Modulation of synaptic plasticity.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Hippocampus.
References:  13
Modulation of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  10,32
Hypotension.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  75
Mast cell degranulation.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Mast cells.
References:  24
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit reduced intraocular pressure.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  3
Overexpression of the A3 receptor gene by the SM22 alpha promoter resulted in lethality at an early stage of embryo development.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Transgenesis.
References:  96
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit defective cutaneous vascular permeability.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  78
A3 knockout mice exhibit no potentiation of antigen-dependent degranulation of bone marrow-derived mast cells, as with the wild-type mice, and decreased inhibition of TNFα production.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  72
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit decreased adenosine-induced airway responsiveness.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  77
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit protection from ischemic or myoglobinuric renal failure.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  49
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit defective localised inflammatory responses.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  90
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit resistance to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  10,32
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit increased cAMP levels in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, as well as a decrease in blood pressure.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  95
A3 receptor knockout mice exhibit great carbon monoxide-induced neuronal damage, slightly increased locomotor activity and altered response to painful stimuli.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  22
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Adora3tm1Jbsn Adora3tm1Jbsn/Adora3tm1Jbsn
either: (involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6 * DBA/2) or (involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6)		 MGI:104847  MP:0002423 abnormal mast cell physiology PMID: 10660615 
Adora3tm1Jbsn Adora3tm1Jbsn/Adora3tm1Jbsn
either: (involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6 * DBA/2) or (involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6)		 MGI:104847  MP:0008561 decreased tumor necrosis factor secretion PMID: 10660615 
General Comments
For a review of the effects of adenosine receptor knockout on nervous system function see reference [27].

REFERENCES

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1. Atkinson, M. R., Townsend-Nicholson, A., Nicholl, J. K., Sutherland, G. R. and Schofield, P. R. (1997) Cloning, characterisation and chromosomal assignment of the human adenosine A3 receptor (ADORA3) gene. Neurosci Res, 29: 73-79. [PMID:9293494]

2. Auchampach, JA; Jin, X; Wan, TC; Caughey, GH; Linden, J. (1997) Canine mast cell adenosine receptors: cloning and expression of the A3 receptor and evidence that degranulation is mediated by the A2B receptor. Mol. Pharmacol., 52 (5): 846-60. [PMID:9351976]

3. Avila, M. Y., Stone, R. A. and Civan, M. M. (2002) Knockout of A3 adenosine receptors reduces mouse intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 43: 3021-3026. [PMID:12202525]

4. Baraldi, P. G., Cacciari, B., Romagnoli, R., Varani, K., Merighi, S., Gessi, S., Borea, P. A., Leung, E., Hickey, S. L. and Spalluto, G. (2000) Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of [3H]-MRE 3008-F20: the first high affinity radioligand antagonist for the human A3 adenosine receptors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10: 209-211. [PMID:10698437]

5. Baraldi, PG; Tabrizi, MA; Preti, D; Bovero, A; Romagnoli, R; Fruttarolo, F; Zaid, NA; Moorman, AR; Varani, K; Gessi, S; et al.. (2004) Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 8-heterocyclic xanthine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A2B adenosine receptor antagonists. J. Med. Chem., 47 (6): 1434-47. [PMID:14998332]

6. Beukers, MW; Wanner, MJ; Von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel, JK; Klaasse, EC; IJzerman, AP; Koomen, GJ. (2003) N6-cyclopentyl-2-(3-phenylaminocarbonyltriazene-1-yl)adenosine (TCPA), a very selective agonist with high affinity for the human adenosine A1 receptor. J. Med. Chem., 46 (8): 1492-503. [PMID:12672250]

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9. Brambilla, R., Cattabeni, F., Ceruti, S., Barbieri, D., Franceschi, C., Kim, Y. C., Jacobson, K. A., Klotz, K. N., Lohse, M. J. and Abbracchio, M. P. (2000) Activation of the A3 adenosine receptor affects cell cycle progression and cell growth. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 361: 225-234. [PMID:10731034]

10. Cerniway, R. J., Yang, Z., Jacobson, M. A., Linden, J. and Matherne, G. P. (2001) Targeted deletion of A(3) adenosine receptors improves tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse myocardium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 281: H1751-H1758. [PMID:11557567]

11. Chang, LC; von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel, JK; Mulder-Krieger, T; Westerhout, J; Spangenberg, T; Brussee, J; Ijzerman, AP. (2007) 2,6,8-trisubstituted 1-deazapurines as adenosine receptor antagonists. J. Med. Chem., 50 (4): 828-34. [PMID:17300165]

12. Christofi, F. L., Zhang, H., Yu, J. G., Guzman, J., Xue, J., Kim, M., Wang, Y. Z. and Cooke, H. J. (2001) Differential gene expression of adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors in the human enteric nervous system. J Comp Neurol, 439: 46-64. [PMID:11579381]

13. Costenla, A. R., Lopes, L. V., de Mendonça, A. and Ribeiro, J. A. (2001) A functional role for adenosine A3 receptors: modulation of synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett, 302: 53-57. [PMID:11278110]

14. Daly, JW; Padgett, WL; Secunda, SI; Thompson, RD; Olsson, RA. (1993) Structure-activity relationships for 2-substituted adenosines at A1 and A2 adenosine receptors. Pharmacology, 46: 91-100.

15. Das, S., Cordis, G. A., Maulik, N. and Das, D. K. (2005) Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: role of CREB-dependent Bcl-2 signaling via adenosine A3 receptor activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 288: H328-H335. [PMID:15345477]

16. Dickenson, J. M., Reeder, S., Rees, B., Alexander, S. and Kendall, D. (2003) Functional expression of adenosine A2A and A3 receptors in the mouse dendritic cell line XS-106. Eur J Pharmacol, 474: 43-51. [PMID:12909194]

17. Donoso, M. V., Aedo, F. and Huidobro-Toro, J. P. (2006) The role of adenosine A2A and A3 receptors on the differential modulation of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y release from peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals. J Neurochem, 96: 1680-1695. [PMID:16539684]

18. Eastwood, P; Gonzalez, J; Paredes, S; Nueda, A; Domenech, T; Alberti, J; Vidal, B. (2010) Discovery of N-(5,6-diarylpyridin-2-yl)amide derivatives as potent and selective A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20 (5): 1697-700. [PMID:20137946]

19. Elzein, E; Kalla, RV; Li, X; Perry, T; Gimbel, A; Zeng, D; Lustig, D; Leung, K; Zablocki, J. (2008) Discovery of a novel A2B adenosine receptor antagonist as a clinical candidate for chronic inflammatory airway diseases. J. Med. Chem., 51 (7): 2267-78. [PMID:18321039]

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22. Fedorova, I. M., Jacobson, M. A., Basile, A. and Jacobson, K. A. (2003) Behavioral characterization of mice lacking the A3 adenosine receptor: sensitivity to hypoxic neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 23: 431-447. [PMID:12825837]

23. Feoktistov, I., Garland, E. M., Goldstein, A. E., Zeng, D., Belardinelli, L., Wells, J. N. and Biaggioni, I. (2001) Inhibition of human mast cell activation with the novel selective adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonist 3-isobutyl-8-pyrrolidinoxanthine (IPDX)(2). Biochem Pharmacol, 62: 1163-1173. [PMID:11705449]

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To cite this database page, please use the following:

Adriaan P. Ijzerman, Bertil B. Fredholm, Kenneth A. Jacobson, Joel Linden, Christa E. Müeller.
Adenosine receptors: A3 receptor. Last modified on 09/01/2013. Accessed on 25/05/2013. IUPHAR database (IUPHAR-DB), http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=21.


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